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IOActive Labs Research: Hacking the Java Debug Wire Protocol - or. TL; DR: turn any open JDWP service into reliable remote code execution (exploit inside)< plagiarism> Kids, I’m gonna tell you an incredible story. In this post, I will explain the Java Debug Wire Protocol (JDWP) and why it is interesting from a pentester’s point of view. I will cover some JDWP internals and how to use them to perform code execution, resulting in a reliable and universal exploitation script. So let’s get started.

Hacking the Java Debug Wire Protocol - or - “How I met your Java debugger”. Sun's formal specification of the Java language (all versions). Online HTML, HTML in ZIP archive, and PDF formats. A framework, based on the JUnit family, for building application unit tests. It assists with test-driven design, a technique of Extreme Programming.

Disclaimer: This post provides techniques and exploitation code that should not be used against vulnerable environments without prior authorization. The author cannot be held responsible for any private use of the tool or techniques described therein. Note: As I was looking into JDWP, I stumbled upon two brief posts on the same topic (see . They are worth reading, but do not expect that a deeper understanding of the protocol itself will allow you to reliably exploit it. This post does not reveal any 0- day exploits, but instead thoroughly covers JDWP from a pentester/attacker perspective. Java Debug Wire Protocol. Java Platform Debug Architecture (JPDA)JDWP is one component of the global Java debugging system, called the Java Platform Debug Architecture (JPDA).

The following is a diagram of the overall architecture: The Debuggee consists of a multi- threaded JVM running our target application. In order to be remotely debuggable, the JVM instance must be explicitly started with the option - Xdebug passed on the command line, as well as the option - Xrunjdwp (or - agentlib). For example, starting a Tomcat server with remote debugging enabled would look like this: As shown in the architecture diagram, the Java Debug Wire Protocol is the central link between the Debugger and the JVM instance. Observations about the protocol include: It is a packet- based network binary protocol. It is mostly synchronous.

The debugger sends a command over JDWP and expects to receive a reply. However, some commands, like Events, do not expect a synchronous response. They will send a reply when specific conditions are met.

For example, a Break. Point is an Event.

It does not use authentication. It does not use encryption. All of these observations make total sense since we are talking about a debugging protocol. However, when such a service is exposed to a hostile network, or is Internet facing, things could go wrong. Handshake. JDWP dictates. Upon successful TCP connection, the Debugger (client) sends the 1.

ASCII string “JDWP- Handshake”. The Debuggee (server) responds to this message by sending the exact same string. The following scapy. Just send one simple probe and check for the specific response.

More interestingly, a behavior was observed on the IBM Java Development Kit when scanning with Shodan. HQ. As a consequence, there is a totally passive way to discover an active JDWP service (this is covered later on in this article with the help of the (in)famous Shodan).

Communication. JDWP defines messages. The messages follow a simple structure, defined as follows: The Length and Id fields are rather self explanatory. The Flag field is only used to distinguish request packets from replies, a value of 0x. The Command. Set field defines the category of the Command as shown in the following table. Command. Set   Command.

Action to be taken by the JVM (e. This is one of the reasons why the nmap script jdwp- exec. This command is a major key for debugging purposes as it allows, among many other things, setting breakpoints, single- stepping through the threads during runtime, and being notified when accessing/modifying values in the exact same manner as GDB or Win.

DBG. Not only does JDWP allow you to access and invoke objects already residing in memory, it also allows you to create or overwrite data. Virtual. Machine/Create. String allows  you to transform a string into a java. String living in the JVM runtime. Virtual. Machine/Redefine. Classes allows you to install new class definitions.“All your JDWP are belong to us”As we have seen, JDWP provides built- in commands to load arbitrary classes into the JVM memory and invoke already existing and/or newly loaded bytecode. The following section will cover the steps for creating exploitation code in Python, which behaves as a partial implementation of a JDI front end in order to be as reliable as possible.

The main reason for this standalone exploit script is that, as a pentester, I like “head- shot” exploits. That is, when I know for sure an environment/application/protocol is vulnerable, I want to have my tool ready to exploit it right away (i. So now that we have covered the theory, let’s get into the practical implementation. When faced with an open JDWP service, arbitrary command execution is exactly five steps away (or with this exploit, only one command line away).

Here is how it would go down: 1. Fetch Java Runtime reference. The JVM manipulates objects through their references.

For this reason, our exploit must first obtain the reference to the java. Runtime class. From this class, we need the reference to the get. Runtime() method. This is performed by fetching all classes (All.

Classes packet) and all methods in the class we are looking for (Reference. Type/Methods packet). Setup breakpoint and wait for notification (asynchronous calls)This is the key to our exploit. To invoke arbitrary code, we need to be in a running thread context.

To do so, a hack is to setup a breakpoint on a method which is known to be called at runtime. As seen earlier, a breakpoint in JDI is an asynchronous event whose type is set to BREAKPOINT(0x. When hit, the JVM sends an Event. Data packet to our debugger, containing our breakpoint ID, and more importantly, the reference to the thread which hit it. It is therefore a good idea to set it on a frequently called method, such as java. Server. Socket. accept(), which is very likely to be called every time the server receives a new network connection.

However, one must bear in mind that it could be any method existing at runtime. Allocating a Java String object in Runtime to carry out the payload. We will execute code in the JVM runtime, so all of our manipulated data (such as string) must exist in the JVM runtime (i. This is done quite easily by sending a Create. String command. 4. Get Runtime object from breakpoint context.

At this point we have almost all of the elements we need for a successful, reliable exploitation. Get Primary Group Active Directory Cheat. What we are missing is a Runtime object reference. Obtaining it is easy, and we can simply execute in the JVM runtime the java. Runtime. get. Runtime() static method. Lookup and invoke exec() method in Runtime instance.

The final step is simply looking for the exec() method in the Runtime static object obtained for the previous step and invoking it (by sending a Object. Reference/Invoke. Method packet) with the String object we created in step three. As a demonstration, let’s start a Tomcat running with JPDA “debug mode” enabled: root@pwnbox: ~/apache- tomcat- 6. We execute our script without a command to execute, to simply get general system information: hugsy: ~/labs % python. The final exploit uses those techniques, adds a few checks, and sends suspend/resume signals to cause as little disruption as possible (it’s always best not to break the application you’re working on, right?).

It acts in two modes: “Default” mode is totally non intrusive and simply executes Java code to get local system information (perfect for a Po. C to a client). Passing the “cmd” option executes a system command on the remote host and is therefore more intrusive. The command is done with the privileges the JVM is running with. This exploit script was successfully tested against: Oracle Java JDK 1. Open. JDK 1. 6. IBM JDK 1.

As Java is platform- independent by design, commands can be executed on any operating system that Java supports. Well this is actually good news for us pentesters: open JDWP service means reliable RCE. So far, so good. What about real- life exploitation?