Compact fluorescent lamp - Wikipedia. For other low- energy bulbs, see LED lamp. The lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp. Compared to general- service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light, CFLs use one- fifth to one- third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen times longer. A CFL has a higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime.

In many countries, governments have banned the disposal of CFLs together with regular garbage. These countries have established special collection systems for CFLs and other hazardous waste. The principle of operation remains the same as in other fluorescent lighting: electrons that are bound to mercury atoms are excited to states where they will radiate ultraviolet light as they return to a lower energy level; this emitted ultraviolet light is converted into visible light as it strikes the fluorescent coating (as well as into heat when absorbed by other materials such as glass). CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from that of incandescent lamps. Improved phosphor formulations have improved the perceived color of the light emitted by CFLs, such that some sources rate the best . The first fluorescent light bulb and fixture were displayed to the general public at the 1.

The version of Allure Homme Edition Blanche that I'll be reviewing is for my bottle that was produced in January of 2014. It is part of the last run of Eau de. We provide excellent essay writing service 24/7. Enjoy proficient essay writing and custom writing services provided by professional academic writers. Dogs have loved us for thousands of years, despite humanity’s many flaws and foibles. New research suggests dogs were domesticated from wolves just once—that’s. APA Referencing Style Guide. This page provides APA information and examples for students and staff of the University of Waikato. It is designed to accompany (not.

A peer-reviewed international journal that bridges the gap between research and practice in information design.

New York World's Fair. The spiral CFL was invented in 1. Edward E. Hammer, an engineer with General Electric. The lamp used a folded T4 tube, stable tri- color phosphors, and a mercury amalgam. This was the first successful screw- in replacement for an incandescent lamp. In 1. 98. 5, Osram started selling its model EL lamp, which was the first CFL to include an electronic ballast. LED prices had dropped steadily, falling well below $5 for a basic bulb in 2.

As a result, customers had been migrating toward LEDs. CFLs were also facing the possibility of proposed regulations for 2. Energy Star rating.

Integrated lamps combine the tube and ballast in a single unit. Mega Mod 10 For Fifa 10 Ultimate here. These lamps allow consumers to replace incandescent lamps easily with CFLs.

Integrated CFLs work well in many standard incandescent light fixtures, reducing the cost of converting to fluorescent. Non- integrated CFLs have the ballast permanently installed in the luminaire, and usually only the fluorescent tube is changed at its end of life. Since the ballasts are placed in the light fixture, they are larger and last longer compared to the integrated ones, and they don't need to be replaced when the tube reaches its end- of- life. Non- integrated CFL housings can be both more expensive and sophisticated. They have two types of tubes: a bi- pin tube designed for conventional ballast, and a quad- pin tube designed for an electronic ballast or a conventional ballast with an external starter. A bi- pin tube contains an integrated starter, which obviates the need for external heating pins but causes incompatibility with electronic ballasts. Non- integrated CFLs can also be installed to a conventional light fixture using an adapter containing a built- in magnetic ballast.

The adapter consists of a regular bulb screw, the ballast itself and a clip for the lamp's connector. Replacement of magnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts has removed most of the flickering and slow starting traditionally associated with fluorescent lighting, and has allowed the development of smaller lamps directly interchangeable with more sizes of incandescent light bulb. Electronic ballasts contain a small circuit board with a bridge rectifier, a filter capacitor and usually two switching transistors, which are often insulated- gate bipolar transistors.

The incoming AC current is first rectified to DC, then converted to high frequency AC by the transistors, connected as a resonant series DC to AC inverter. The resulting high frequency is applied to the lamp tube. Since the resonant converter tends to stabilize lamp current (and light produced) over a range of input voltages, standard CFLs do not respond well in dimming applications and will experience a shorter lifespan and sometimes catastrophic failure. Special electronic ballasts (integrated or separate) are required for dimming service. CFL light output is roughly proportional to phosphor surface area, and high output CFLs are often larger than their incandescent equivalents. Test Drive Unlimited 2 Update 35 on this page. This means that the CFL may not fit well in existing light fixtures. To fit enough phosphor coated area within the approximate overall dimensions of an incandescent lamp, standard shapes of CFL tube are a helix with one or more turns, multiple parallel tubes, circular arc, or a butterfly.

Some CFLs are labeled not to be run base up, since heat will shorten the ballast's life. Such CFLs are unsuitable for use in pendant lamps and especially unsuitable for recessed light fixtures. CFLs designed for use in such fixtures are available. The horizontal axes are in nanometers and the vertical axes show relative intensity in arbitrary units.

Significant peaks of UV light are present for CFL even if not visible. A photograph of various lamps illustrates the effect of color temperature differences. From left to right: — Compact Fluorescent: General Electric, 1. W, 6,5. 00 K; Incandescent: Sylvania 6. W Extra Soft White; Compact Fluorescent: Bright Effects, 1. W, 2,6. 44 K; Compact Fluorescent: Sylvania, 1. W, 3,0. 00 KCFLs emit light from a mix of phosphors, each emitting one band of colour with some bands still in the ultraviolet range as can be seen on the light spectrum.

This is the reason why additional UV filtering, for example double- envelope, is required to reduce damage to the retina. Modern phosphor designs balance the emitted light color, energy efficiency, and cost.

Every extra phosphor added to the coating mix improves color rendering but decreases efficiency and increases cost. Good quality consumer CFLs use three or four phosphors to achieve a . The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of a black body that has the same chromaticity (i. A notional temperature, the correlated color temperature, the temperature of a black body which emits light of a hue which to human color perception most closely matches the light from the lamp, is assigned. A true colour temperature is characteristic of black- body radiation; a fluorescent lamp may approximate the radiation of a black body at a given temperature, but will not have an identical spectrum.

In particular, narrow bands of shorter- wavelength radiation are usually present even for lamps of low color temperature (. Color names used for modern CFLs and other tri- phosphor lamps vary between manufacturers, unlike the standardized names used with older halophosphate fluorescent lamps. For example, Sylvania's Daylight CFLs have a color temperature of 3,5. K, while most other lamps called daylight have color temperatures of at least 5,0. K. In United States, Energy Star's specification provides a set of named color temperatures for certified luminaries. Energy Star color temperatures.

In the case of a 5- minute on/off cycle the lifespan of some CFLs may be reduced to that of incandescent light bulbs. Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 1. The light output decay is exponential, with the fastest losses being soon after the lamp is first used.

By the end of their lives, CFLs can be expected to produce 7. That is, while the human eye is highly sensitive to changes in the intensity of faint light sources, it is less sensitive to changes in the intensity of brighter light sources since the pupils compensate by dilating or constricting. In one test by the U. S. Department of Energy of . Points lower on the graph correspond to lower energy use.