More Evidence That Ravens Are Ridiculously Intelligent Birds. New research shows that ravens can plan ahead for different types of events, and even resist the urge to take an immediate reward in favor of getting a better one in the future. These capacities are often considered the exclusive domain of humans and great apes, so their presence in birds comes as a surprise.

The study, published today in Science, shows that ravens (Corvus corax) can anticipate the nature, time, and location of future events based on prior experiences. This is an important finding, and not just because of what it tells us about certain birds and how freakishly smart they are. It also tells us that ravens and great apes—animals who diverged from a common ancestor over 3. Animals that can’t plan ahead live in the moment, and act in accordance to immediate needs. Their lives are a flow of action and reaction, making it difficult, if not impossible, to think complex scenarios through. Animals that can anticipate the future, on the other hand, can use or build tools to perform a task, engage in bartering behaviors, and exert self- control.

In previousexperiments, great apes have demonstrated these capacities, but monkeys have not. Corvids, a family of birds that includes ravens, have also demonstrated the ability to anticipate the future, but only in simple experiments involving the caching of food. In an effort to learn more about raven intelligence, researchers Can Kabadayi and Mathias Osvath from the Department of Cognitive Science at Lund University conducted a series of experiments in which five ravens (two male, three female) were put through four different tests. These experiments were done to see if ravens could use their bird brains to complete tasks they wouldn’t normally have to perform in the wild, namely using tools and bartering with humans.

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The tests were also done to see if ravens could make decisions for an event 1. Finally, the researchers sought to test the birds’ self- control when making decisions for the future. Once trained, the ravens were then presented with the puzzle box—but no tool. The box was then removed, and an hour later, the ravens were given the choice of selecting the opening tool, and also some “distractor” objects.

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In experiments involving five birds, nearly every raven ignored the distractor objects, choosing the correct tool—even though the puzzle box was absent. When the ravens were presented with the box 1. Similar results were achieved in the second experiment, in which the birds waited 1. In a corollary to both of these tests, the ravens also showed the ability to select a token which they could later use to barter for a reward, which they did with 7.

Fascinatingly, the ravens performed better in the bartering tests than orangutans, bonobos, and chimps, as shown in other studies. These experiments show that ravens can “select, save, and later use either a tool or an exchangeable token that acquired functionality” both 1. For the third and fourth experiment (again involving short and long time intervals), the ravens were presented with the correct tool, some distractor objects, and—in a delicious twist—an immediate reward. The ravens were allowed to choose just one.

Importantly, the immediate reward was not as good as the reward inside the puzzle box, and the ravens knew it. As the researchers report, the ravens selected the tool, demonstrating a level of self- control comparable what’s seen in great apes. Solving problems even if they are not related to the usual daily business is a clear sign of mental flexibility and therefore intelligence.”Nieder was particularly impressed with the amount of cognitive control exhibited by the corvids. The birds didn’t act hastily, immediately snatching an available food item. Instead, they appeared to inhibit this impulse and wait for an even bigger reward in the future, an ability termed delayed gratification.

Furthermore it shows that the animals are not simply choosing the token/tool from a selection of distractor items as they have been previously associated to food. Another follow up shows that they seem to be able to incorporate the costs of waiting into their decision making process.”Alex Taylor, who studies crow intelligence at the University of Auckland, read the study a bit differently, and says the results are open to interpretation. In past work on ape self control, apes were offered a choice of a small piece of food or a tool to use later and chose the tool.

They were then offered this choice a second time, and chose the food, showing that they were not choosing the tool because it was a highly positive object, but because of its use in the future. Once they had a tool, they clearly had no need for another, and so chose the food.”Taylor says this is the key control—divorcing the token from food association—that’s missing from the study. The ravens may not be thinking about the future at all, and are instead just choosing the object with the strongest association with the food, i.

Previous studies have shown that, pound for pound, birds pack more neurons into their tiny brains than mammals, including primates. They even have a brain structure that’s analogous to the mammalian neocortex—the part responsible for higher order functioning like conscious thought, sensory perception, spatial reasoning, and language.

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